Free Finance Calculators
Plan your investments, calculate returns, manage loans and budget your finances with our free, instant calculators. No signup, no ads blocking your results.
About SIP Calculator
A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) lets you invest a fixed amount every month into mutual funds, building wealth gradually through the power of compounding. Our SIP calculator uses the standard future value formula: FV = P × [(1 + r)n − 1] / r × (1 + r), where P is the monthly investment, r is the monthly rate (annual rate ÷ 12), and n is the total number of months.
For example, investing ₹5,000/month at 12% p.a. for 10 years grows to approximately ₹11.6 lakhs — yet your total investment is only ₹6 lakhs. The extra ₹5.6 lakhs is pure returns from compounding. SIPs are considered one of the most disciplined ways to invest in equity markets, reducing timing risk through rupee-cost averaging. Use this tool to plan your monthly savings, compare different return scenarios, or estimate how long it takes to reach a financial goal.
Where M = monthly amount, r = monthly rate, n = months
About FD Calculator
A Fixed Deposit (FD) is one of India's most popular risk-free savings instruments. Banks and post offices offer guaranteed returns over a fixed term. Our FD calculator applies the compound interest formula: A = P × (1 + r/n)nt, where P is the principal, r is the annual interest rate, n is the compounding frequency, and t is the tenure in years.
For example, ₹1 lakh deposited at 7% p.a. for 5 years compounded quarterly grows to approximately ₹1.41 lakhs. When comparing FDs, always check the effective annual rate (EAR) rather than the nominal rate — more frequent compounding yields higher effective returns. Senior citizens typically get an additional 0.25–0.5% rate benefit. Use this calculator before booking any FD to compare tenures, banks, and payout options (monthly interest vs. cumulative).
About EMI Calculator
An Equated Monthly Instalment (EMI) is the fixed payment you make to your lender every month until the loan is fully repaid. It covers both principal and interest. The formula is: EMI = P × r × (1 + r)n / [(1 + r)n − 1], where P is the loan principal, r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the loan tenure in months.
For instance, a ₹10 lakh home loan at 8.5% p.a. for 20 years results in an EMI of approximately ₹8,678. Over the full tenure you pay ₹20.8 lakhs — more than double the principal. Use this tool to compare loan offers, plan prepayments, or find out how much loan you can afford based on your income. A good rule of thumb: your total EMIs should not exceed 40% of your monthly take-home salary.
About Compound Interest Calculator
Compound interest is often called the eighth wonder of the world. Unlike simple interest, compound interest earns returns on previously accumulated interest, creating exponential growth over time. The formula is: A = P × (1 + r/n)nt. The key difference from FD calculators is flexibility: you can adjust compounding frequency (daily, monthly, quarterly, or annually) to see exactly how timing affects your returns.
Starting early makes a dramatic difference. ₹50,000 invested at 10% p.a. for 30 years grows to ₹8.72 lakhs, but waiting just 10 years and investing for only 20 years gives ₹3.36 lakhs — less than half the corpus. This tool is ideal for long-term wealth projection, comparing investment products, or understanding the true cost of delaying savings.
About ROI Calculator
Return on Investment (ROI) measures the efficiency or profitability of any investment. The basic formula is: ROI = (Net Profit / Cost of Investment) × 100. Our calculator also shows annualised ROI for multi-year investments, letting you compare apples to apples when evaluating stocks, real estate, or business ventures.
A positive ROI means your investment is profitable. An ROI of 15% means for every ₹100 invested you earned ₹15 profit. When comparing investments, always use annualised ROI — a 50% return sounds great, but if it took 5 years, that's only about 8.45% per year (CAGR). Use this calculator to benchmark investment performance against inflation, fixed deposits, or market indices before making financial decisions.
About Income Tax Calculator
India has two tax regimes: the Old Regime (with deductions) and the New Regime (lower slab rates, no major deductions). This calculator estimates your tax liability under both, helping you choose which is more beneficial. Key deductions under the old regime include Section 80C (₹1.5L), 80D (medical), HRA, and standard deduction (₹50,000). The new regime offers simplified slabs — 0% up to ₹3L, 5% from ₹3–6L, 10% from ₹6–9L, 15% from ₹9–12L, 20% from ₹12–15L, and 30% above ₹15L.
A resident individual earning ₹12 lakhs per year with ₹1.5L in 80C investments pays approximately ₹1.17L under the old regime vs. ₹90,000 under the new regime in FY 2024–25. Note: the new regime is now the default; you must actively opt for the old regime when filing. Always consult a CA for complex income situations involving capital gains, foreign income, or rental properties.
Up to ₹3L: Nil | ₹3–7L: 5% | ₹7–10L: 10%
₹10–12L: 15% | ₹12–15L: 20% | Above ₹15L: 30%
About Discount Calculator
This calculator computes the final price after applying a percentage discount, or reverse-calculates the original price from a discounted price and discount rate. Formula: Discounted price = Original price x (1 - Discount% / 100). Discount amount = Original price x Discount% / 100. Savings percentage from cost = (Discount amount / Original price) x 100.
Retail discount types: Flat discount (fixed amount off); Percentage discount (most common, e.g. 20% off); Buy-one-get-one (BOGO, effectively 50% off per item); Cashback (discount credited back, not upfront); Tiered discount (higher discount for larger purchase quantities). GST implication: GST is charged on the post-discount price, not the original MRP. For example, a product with MRP Rs 1,000 and 18% GST, after a 20% discount the taxable value is Rs 800 and GST is Rs 144, totalling Rs 944. Always compare effective prices after tax rather than advertised discount percentages for accurate savings comparison.
About Stock Profit and Loss Calculator
This calculator computes profit or loss from equity trades including transaction charges. Formula: Net P&L = (Sell Price - Buy Price) x Quantity - Total charges. Charges for Indian equity delivery trades: STT (Securities Transaction Tax) 0.1% on buy and sell (delivery); Exchange transaction charges 0.00335% (NSE) or 0.00375% (BSE); SEBI turnover fee 0.0001%; Stamp duty 0.015% on buy side; GST 18% on brokerage and transaction charges.
Return calculations: Absolute return = (Sell - Buy) / Buy x 100%; CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) = (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/years) - 1. Short-term capital gains (held below 12 months) are taxed at 15% (equity). Long-term capital gains (held above 12 months) above Rs 1 lakh are taxed at 10% without indexation. LTCG below Rs 1 lakh per year is exempt. For F&O trades, STT is 0.0125% on sell side (options premium) or 0.01% on sell side (futures). Maintain a trade journal to track actual realised returns net of all taxes and charges.
About Retirement Calculator
Planning for retirement requires accounting for inflation, life expectancy, and post-retirement expenses. Our calculator estimates how much corpus you need to retire comfortably and how much you should save monthly to reach that goal. The key insight: retirement savings must last 20–30 years, so the corpus itself must keep earning returns during the drawdown phase.
A common rule of thumb is the 4% rule — you can withdraw 4% of your retirement corpus annually and it should last 30 years (assuming ~7% returns and ~3% inflation). If your annual retirement expenses are ₹6 lakhs, you need a corpus of ₹1.5 crores. Starting early is critical: saving ₹10,000/month from age 25 at 12% p.a. gives you ~₹3.5 crores by 60. Waiting until 35 and saving the same amount gives only ~₹1 crore.
About Loan Comparison Calculator
This calculator compares multiple loan offers side-by-side on EMI, total interest payable, and total cost. The key metric is the Effective Annual Rate (EAR), which accounts for compounding frequency. For monthly compounding: EAR = (1 + Annual Rate / 12)^12 - 1. Two loans with the same nominal rate but different processing fees, prepayment penalties, or compounding schedules can have significantly different effective costs.
Loan comparison checklist: interest rate type (fixed vs floating - floating linked to MCLR or repo rate, resets periodically); processing fee (0.5-2% of loan amount, typically non-refundable); prepayment charges (0-2% on outstanding principal for floating rate loans - RBI mandates no prepayment penalty on floating rate personal and home loans); insurance bundling (avoid - inflates effective cost); moratorium period (EMI holiday - interest still accrues). Use the Total Cost of Borrowing (TCB) = total EMIs + processing fee + other charges as the single comparison metric rather than just the interest rate.
About Currency Converter
This converter uses live or recent exchange rates to convert between world currencies. Exchange rates are quoted as the price of one currency in terms of another. The mid-market rate (interbank rate) is the midpoint between buy and sell rates used by banks for interbank transactions. Retail and travel exchange rates are typically 2-5% worse than mid-market due to the bank or money changer margin.
For remittances and international transfers: compare rates from banks, RBI-authorised money changers, and fintech services. Under FEMA, Indian residents can remit up to USD 2,50,000 per financial year under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) for permitted capital and current account transactions. TCS (Tax Collected at Source) applies on LRS remittances: 5% for amounts above Rs 7 lakh (education and medical exempt at lower rates). For travel forex, RBI-licensed AD Category II dealers can provide competitive rates. Always check the total cost (rate + fees) rather than just the exchange rate quoted.
Formula: EMI = P × r(1+r)ⁿ / ((1+r)ⁿ − 1)
About Personal Loan Calculator
Personal loan EMI is calculated using: EMI = [P x R x (1+R)^N] / [(1+R)^N - 1], where P = Principal, R = Monthly interest rate (Annual rate / 12 / 100), N = Tenure in months. Personal loans in India typically have interest rates of 10.5-24% per annum depending on credit score, income, employer profile, and lender. Higher CIBIL score (750+) qualifies for better rates.
Personal loan eligibility factors: monthly income (most lenders require minimum Rs 15,000-25,000 net monthly income); FOIR (Fixed Obligation to Income Ratio) should be below 50-55% (existing EMIs plus new EMI divided by net income); employment stability (salaried employees at large companies get better rates than self-employed). Key differences from secured loans: no collateral required; faster disbursement (often same day to 48 hours); higher interest rates; shorter tenures (1-5 years). Avoid using personal loans for investments or speculation due to the high interest cost. For debt consolidation, personal loans are viable only if the blended rate is lower than existing debt.
About Home Loan Calculator
Home loan EMI uses the standard formula: EMI = [P x R x (1+R)^N] / [(1+R)^N - 1]. Home loans in India are available for 5-30 year tenures. Interest rate types: Floating rate (linked to external benchmark - RBI repo rate or MCLR, resets every 3-12 months, currently 8.5-9.5% range); Fixed rate (locked for full tenure or a fixed period, typically 0.5-1.5% higher than floating).
Tax benefits on home loans: Section 24(b) - deduction on interest paid up to Rs 2 lakh per year for self-occupied property; Section 80C - principal repayment up to Rs 1.5 lakh included in 80C limit (also includes registration and stamp duty in year of purchase). For under-construction property, interest during construction is deductible in 5 equal instalments post-completion (pre-construction interest). Under PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), first-time homebuyers in EWS/LIG/MIG categories get credit-linked subsidy on interest. LTV (Loan-to-Value) limit: RBI mandates maximum 90% LTV for loans up to Rs 30 lakh, 80% for Rs 30-75 lakh, 75% above Rs 75 lakh.
About Mortgage Calculator
A mortgage is a loan secured against property. This calculator computes monthly mortgage payments, total interest payable, and generates an amortisation schedule showing how each payment splits between principal and interest. In early years, the majority of each EMI is interest; over time, the principal portion grows as the outstanding balance decreases.
Loan Against Property (LAP) in India: banks and NBFCs offer LAP at 9-13% interest for residential and commercial properties. Maximum LTV: 60-70% of property value (lower than home loans since LAP purpose is typically business or personal needs). Processing fees: 0.5-1.5%. Prepayment: no penalty for floating rate LAP. Key use cases: business expansion, working capital, education, wedding. Unlike home loans, LAP interest is not tax-deductible under Section 24(b) unless used for business purposes (then deductible as business expense). Maintain property insurance and ensure title is clear before applying - lenders conduct independent valuation and legal due diligence.
About Car Loan Calculator
Car loan EMI uses the standard formula with tenure typically 1-7 years. Interest rates in India: new car loans 8.5-12.5% depending on car segment and credit profile; used car loans 13-18% (higher due to collateral depreciation risk). On-road price components: ex-showroom price + RTO registration + insurance (mandatory third-party + optional comprehensive) + accessories. Down payment is typically 10-25% of on-road price; the remainder is financed.
True cost of car ownership: besides EMI, account for insurance (Rs 15,000-60,000/year depending on IDV), fuel costs (annual km x fuel consumption / fuel price), maintenance (Rs 10,000-30,000/year for periodic service), parking, and depreciation. A new car loses 15-20% of value in the first year and 10-15% per year subsequently. Total cost of ownership over 5 years often exceeds 1.5-2x the purchase price. Electric vehicles have higher upfront cost but lower fuel and maintenance costs. For Section 80EEB deduction, individuals buying EVs on loan can claim interest deduction up to Rs 1.5 lakh per year.
About Lump Sum Investment Calculator
A lump sum investment is a one-time investment of a large amount, as opposed to periodic SIP investments. It typically suits investors who receive a windfall — a bonus, inheritance, or maturity proceeds — and want to deploy it immediately. Our calculator uses standard compound interest: FV = PV × (1 + r)n.
Lump sum investing has higher timing risk than SIP — if you invest just before a market correction, your short-term returns suffer. However, over long durations (10+ years), lump sum investments in equity mutual funds generally outperform SIPs because the full corpus compounds from day one. Use this tool to compare lump sum vs. SIP outcomes or project the growth of a one-time investment over different time horizons.
Benchmarks: Nifty 50 avg ~12% | Gold avg ~8% | FD avg ~7%
About GST Calculator
Goods and Services Tax (GST) replaced multiple indirect taxes in India from July 2017. GST has four main slabs: 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%, plus a 0% exemption for essential items. This calculator helps you quickly compute GST amounts for any transaction — both inclusive (extract tax from total) and exclusive (add tax to base price) methods.
To add GST: GST Amount = Base Price × GST Rate / 100. To extract GST from an inclusive price: GST Amount = Price − (Price × 100 / (100 + Rate)). Businesses registered under GST (turnover above ₹20L for services, ₹40L for goods) must collect and remit GST. Input Tax Credit (ITC) allows businesses to offset GST paid on purchases against GST collected on sales. Use this tool for invoice generation, vendor payments, or quick tax-inclusive pricing.
CGST = SGST = Half of GST rate (intra-state)
About Salary Calculator
Understanding your Cost to Company (CTC) vs. in-hand salary is crucial for financial planning. CTC includes your basic salary, HRA, special allowances, EPF contributions (employer's share), gratuity provisions, and other benefits. Your take-home salary is CTC minus all deductions — employee EPF (12% of basic), professional tax, income tax (TDS), and health insurance premiums.
A typical salary structure: Basic (40–50% of CTC), HRA (40–50% of basic), Special Allowance (makes up the balance), and Employer PF. If your basic is ₹30,000, HRA is ₹12,000–15,000, and you live in a metro paying ₹15,000 rent, you can claim HRA exemption. Use this calculator to compare job offers, negotiate salary components, or plan tax-saving investments based on your actual take-home.
About Net Worth Calculator
Net worth = Total Assets minus Total Liabilities. Assets include: liquid assets (savings accounts, cash, FDs, liquid mutual funds); investments (equity, bonds, real estate, gold, EPF, PPF, NPS); and physical assets (property market value, vehicles). Liabilities include: all outstanding loans (home, car, personal, education), credit card balances, and any other debt.
Net worth benchmarks by age (rough Indian guidelines): By 30: 1-2x annual income; By 40: 4-5x annual income; By 50: 8-10x annual income; By retirement (60): 15-20x annual expenses (the FIRE number). Track net worth quarterly to measure financial progress. Common mistakes in net worth calculation: overvaluing illiquid assets (real estate at purchase price instead of current market value); forgetting contingent liabilities (guarantor obligations); ignoring accrued interest on loans. Savings rate (savings / income) is a stronger predictor of wealth accumulation than investment returns, especially in early career stages.
Snowball Method: Pay smallest balance first — builds momentum
About Debt Payoff Calculator
This calculator compares two debt repayment strategies: Avalanche method (pay minimum on all debts, direct extra payments to highest-interest debt first - minimises total interest paid); Snowball method (pay minimum on all, direct extra to smallest balance first - builds psychological momentum through quick wins). The avalanche method is mathematically optimal; the snowball method has higher completion rates for many people.
Debt priority order for Indian borrowers: credit card debt (24-42% APR - pay in full every month); personal loans (12-24%); car loans (9-12%); education loans (8-12%); home loans (8.5-10% - lowest priority, tax benefits reduce effective rate). Never pay only the minimum on credit cards - at 36% APR, a Rs 1 lakh balance takes over 9 years to clear with minimum payments and costs Rs 2.5 lakh in interest. Use windfalls (bonuses, tax refunds) for debt prepayment before investing if debt rate exceeds expected investment return.
About Savings Goal Calculator
This calculator determines the monthly savings required to reach a financial goal by a target date, accounting for expected investment returns. Formula for required monthly investment: PMT = FV x r / ((1+r)^n - 1), where FV = future value goal, r = monthly return rate, n = number of months. This is the SIP formula applied in reverse.
Goal-based savings benchmarks: Emergency fund: 6-12 months of expenses (keep in high-yield savings or liquid mutual fund). Short-term goals (1-3 years): use FDs, debt mutual funds, or RDs - avoid equity for short horizons due to volatility. Medium-term goals (3-7 years): hybrid or balanced mutual funds. Long-term goals (7+ years): equity mutual funds or direct equity via SIPs. Inflation adjustment is critical for long-term goals - a goal that costs Rs 10 lakh today will cost approximately Rs 21 lakh in 15 years at 5% inflation. Always state goals in future rupees (inflation-adjusted) for accurate SIP requirement calculation.
About FIRE Calculator
FIRE (Financial Independence, Retire Early) is a movement built on the principle of saving aggressively (50–70% of income) to build enough wealth to live off investment returns indefinitely. The FIRE number — the corpus you need — is typically 25× your annual expenses, derived from the 4% safe withdrawal rate.
If your annual expenses are ₹5 lakhs, your FIRE number is ₹1.25 crores. If investments earn 8% real returns (after inflation), withdrawing 4% per year is sustainable indefinitely. The key levers: reduce expenses (lower FIRE number), increase savings rate (reach FIRE faster), and maximise investment returns. FIRE variants include LeanFIRE (minimal lifestyle), FatFIRE (comfortable lifestyle), and BaristaFIRE (semi-retirement with part-time income). Use this calculator to find your FIRE number and required monthly savings.
4% Rule: Corpus lasts 30+ years if you withdraw 4% annually
About PPF Calculator
Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a government-backed savings scheme offering guaranteed returns with complete tax exemption under the EEE (Exempt-Exempt-Exempt) model — contributions, interest earned, and maturity proceeds are all tax-free. The current interest rate is 7.1% p.a. (compounded annually, reviewed quarterly). The minimum tenure is 15 years with partial withdrawal from year 7.
The maximum yearly contribution is ₹1.5 lakh (also the 80C limit). Contributing the maximum every year for 15 years builds a corpus of approximately ₹40.7 lakhs on a total investment of ₹22.5 lakhs. PPF is one of the best risk-free, tax-free investment options for long-term goals like retirement or children's education. The account can be extended in 5-year blocks beyond 15 years for continued compounding.
Lock-in: 15 years, partial withdrawal from Year 7
About EPF Calculator
Employee Provident Fund (EPF) is a mandatory retirement savings scheme for salaried employees in India. Both employee and employer contribute 12% of basic salary + DA each month. The current EPF interest rate is 8.15% p.a. Interest is calculated monthly but credited annually. The employee's full 12% goes to EPF, while employer's 12% splits into 8.33% to EPS (Employees' Pension Scheme) and 3.67% to EPF.
On a basic salary of ₹30,000, your monthly EPF contribution is ₹3,600 and employer contributes another ₹3,600. Over 25 years of service, this can accumulate to over ₹1 crore. EPF withdrawals after 5 years of continuous service are fully tax-free. Use this calculator to project your EPF maturity amount, plan voluntary PF contributions, or estimate your pension under EPS.
Interest compounded annually on monthly running balance
On retirement: 60% corpus tax-free lump sum, 40% used to buy annuity
About NPS Calculator
The National Pension System (NPS) is a government-backed voluntary retirement savings scheme. Our calculator estimates the corpus at retirement and monthly pension based on your monthly contribution, current age, retirement age, and expected returns. NPS corpus grows tax-free during accumulation. At retirement (minimum age 60), you must use at least 40% of the corpus to purchase an annuity; up to 60% can be withdrawn as a lump sum (tax-free).
NPS tax benefits: Tier I account contributions up to Rs 1.5 lakh under Section 80C; additional Rs 50,000 deduction exclusively for NPS under Section 80CCD(1B) (total NPS benefit up to Rs 2 lakh, over and above 80C limit); employer contribution to NPS up to 10% of salary (14% for central government employees) is deductible under 80CCD(2) with no upper limit. NPS investment options: Auto choice (age-based automatic rebalancing) or Active choice (manual allocation to equity E, corporate bond C, and government securities G with equity cap 75%). Annuity rate typically 5-7% per annum; compare rates from NPS-empanelled annuity service providers at retirement.
Switch to New Regime if total deductions below ₹3.75L
About Section 80C Tax Saving Calculator
Section 80C of the Income Tax Act allows deductions up to Rs 1.5 lakh per year from taxable income. Common 80C investments: ELSS mutual funds (3-year lock-in, market-linked returns, best risk-return profile); PPF (15-year lock-in, 7.1% tax-free return, sovereign guarantee); EPF (mandatory for salaried, employer match, tax-free); Tax-saving FDs (5-year lock-in, interest is taxable); NSC (5-year, interest taxable but compounding adds to next year 80C); ULIP; life insurance premiums; children tuition fees; principal repayment of home loan.
80C deduction comparison at 30% tax bracket: Rs 1.5 lakh deduction saves Rs 45,000 + 4% cess = Rs 46,800 in tax. 80C limit has not been increased since 2014 despite inflation. Additional tax-saving sections: 80CCD(1B) NPS Rs 50,000; 80D health insurance Rs 25,000-75,000; 80E education loan interest (no limit); 80EE/80EEA first-time home buyer interest. Note: under the New Tax Regime, Section 80C deductions are NOT available - evaluate both regimes using the Tax Calculator before choosing your regime for the financial year.
Property LTCG: >24 months → 12.5% (no indexation, sales after Jul 23 2024)
About Capital Gains Tax Calculator
Capital gains tax in India depends on asset class and holding period. Equity and equity mutual funds: Short-Term Capital Gains (STCG, held below 12 months) taxed at 15% (post-July 2024 budget: 20%); Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG, held 12+ months) above Rs 1.25 lakh taxed at 10% (post-July 2024: 12.5%) without indexation. Debt mutual funds: gains taxed at income tax slab rate regardless of holding period (from April 2023).
Real estate capital gains: STCG (held below 24 months) taxed at slab rate; LTCG taxed at 20% with indexation benefit (using CII - Cost Inflation Index to adjust purchase price for inflation). Post-July 2024 budget: LTCG on property taxed at 12.5% WITHOUT indexation (or 20% with indexation for properties bought before July 2024 - grandfathering applies). Section 54 exemption: LTCG on residential property is exempt if reinvested in another residential property within 2 years (purchase) or 3 years (construction). Section 54EC: LTCG exempt up to Rs 50 lakh if invested in NHAI/REC bonds within 6 months.
Tax-free limit: ₹20 lakh | Minimum 5 years service required
About Gratuity Calculator
Gratuity is a statutory retirement benefit payable under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 to employees who have completed at least 5 years of continuous service. Formula for employees covered under the Act: Gratuity = (Last drawn Basic + DA) x 15/26 x Number of completed years. The 15/26 factor represents 15 days wages for each completed year (based on 26 working days per month).
Gratuity exemption limits: minimum of (a) actual gratuity received, (b) Rs 20 lakh (tax exemption limit as of 2019), or (c) 15 x last salary x years of service / 26. Amount above Rs 20 lakh is taxable. For employees not covered under the Act, the formula uses 30 days instead of 15. Fractional year rounding: service of 6 months or more in the last year counts as a full year. Gratuity is payable within 30 days of leaving; delay attracts simple interest at the prescribed rate. Employer must obtain a gratuity insurance policy or create a gratuity trust for funding the liability.
TDS on FD applies when interest > ₹40,000/yr (₹50,000 for senior citizens)
About TDS Calculator
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) is income tax deducted at the point of payment by the payer and remitted to the government. Common TDS rates: Section 192 (salary): slab rate based on estimated annual income; Section 194A (bank FD interest): 10% if PAN provided, 20% without PAN; Section 194C (contractors): 1% (individual/HUF) or 2% (others); Section 194J (professional fees): 10%; Section 194H (commission): 5%; Section 194I (rent above Rs 2.4 lakh/year): 10%.
TDS threshold limits (no TDS below these amounts per year): FD interest Rs 40,000 (Rs 50,000 for senior citizens); Professional fees Rs 30,000; Rent Rs 2,40,000; Commission Rs 15,000. Form 15G/15H: individuals with income below the exemption limit can submit Form 15G (below 60 years) or 15H (60+ years) to avoid TDS deduction on FD interest. TDS credit: deducted TDS appears in Form 26AS and AIS and is offset against total tax liability in ITR filing. If TDS exceeds tax liability, the excess is refunded. Verify TDS credits in Form 26AS before filing ITR.
India: Dividends added to income and taxed at your slab rate from FY21
About Dividend Yield Calculator
Dividend yield is the annual dividend per share divided by the current market price, expressed as a percentage: Yield = (Annual DPS / Share Price) x 100. It represents the return from dividends alone, excluding capital appreciation. Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividends paid / Net profit. A low payout ratio (below 40%) indicates the company retains most earnings for reinvestment; a high ratio (above 70%) may indicate limited growth investment but high income generation.
Dividend taxation in India: dividends are taxable in the recipient hands at their applicable income tax slab rate (since April 2020, DDT was abolished). TDS at 10% on dividends above Rs 5,000 per year per company. High-yield sectors in India: PSU banks, state utilities, ONGC, Coal India typically yield 4-8%. Dividend yield above 6-7% in a single stock warrants investigation - it may signal a falling share price or unsustainable payout. For income investors, dividend-focused mutual funds provide diversified exposure to high-yield stocks. Total Shareholder Return (TSR) = dividend yield + capital appreciation.
TDS: 1% deducted by exchange on each sell transaction > ₹10,000
About Crypto P&L Calculator
This calculator computes profit or loss from cryptocurrency trades, including exchange fees and applicable taxes. Formula: P&L = (Sell Price - Buy Price) x Quantity - Exchange Fees. Crypto exchanges typically charge 0.1-0.5% per trade (maker/taker fees). Cost basis methods: FIFO (First In First Out, default for tax purposes), LIFO (Last In First Out), or average cost method.
Indian crypto taxation (Finance Act 2022): VDA (Virtual Digital Asset) gains are taxed at a flat 30% (plus cess) regardless of holding period and income level. No deduction is allowed except cost of acquisition (no trading expenses, no depreciation, no set-off against other losses). Crypto-to-crypto trades are taxable events (each swap triggers capital gains computation). TDS at 1% on transactions above Rs 50,000 per year (Rs 10,000 for specified persons) under Section 194S. TDS is deducted by the exchange on the seller. Maintain detailed trade records as exchanges report to tax authorities. Losses from crypto cannot be set off against any other income including other crypto gains in the same year.
LTCG on gold: >24 months → 12.5% (no indexation, post Jul 23 2024)
About Gold Price Calculator
This calculator converts gold prices between weights (gram, tola, troy ounce, kilogram) and purity levels (24 karat = 99.9% pure, 22 karat = 91.67% pure, 18 karat = 75% pure). Formula: Value of gold jewellery = Weight x Purity% x Gold price per gram. Hallmarked 22K gold is the standard for jewellery in India. 1 tola = 11.664 grams; 1 troy ounce = 31.103 grams.
Gold investment options in India: Physical gold (jewellery, coins, bars - making charges and storage risk); Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs - issued by RBI, 2.5% annual interest + capital appreciation, 8-year tenure, tax-free on maturity if held to term - best option for long-term holding); Gold ETFs (exchange-traded, no storage risk, brokerage and expense ratio 0.5-0.6%); Gold mutual funds (invest in Gold ETFs, SIP-friendly). Gold is taxed as per capital gains rules: held above 3 years = LTCG at 20% with indexation; below 3 years = slab rate. SGBs are exempt from capital gains tax on maturity redemption.
YTM (approx) = [Coupon + (Face−Price)/Years] ÷ [(Face+Price)/2] × 100
About Bond Yield Calculator
Bond yield is the return an investor earns from holding a bond. Current yield = Annual coupon / Current market price. Yield to Maturity (YTM) is the total annualised return if held to maturity, accounting for coupon payments, face value, purchase price, and time remaining. YTM is the most comprehensive measure of bond return. For a discount bond (price below face value), YTM exceeds the coupon rate; for a premium bond, YTM is below the coupon rate.
Bond price and yield have an inverse relationship: when interest rates rise, existing bond prices fall (and vice versa). Duration measures this sensitivity: a 10-year bond with duration 7 will fall approximately 7% in price for a 1% rise in yield. RBI Retail Direct platform allows individual investors to buy G-Secs and T-Bills directly. Taxability: interest on bonds is taxable at slab rate; capital gains on listed bonds held above 12 months taxed at 10% (LTCG). Tax-free bonds (NHAI, HUDCO, REC) offer coupon income exempt from income tax but are not freely available - secondary market prices at premium. Sovereign bonds (G-Secs) carry zero default risk as they are backed by the Government of India.
Never invest emergency fund in stocks or locked-in instruments
About Emergency Fund Calculator
An emergency fund is 3-12 months of essential monthly expenses kept in liquid, risk-free instruments. Essential expenses include: rent/EMI, groceries, utilities, insurance premiums, transport, and minimum loan payments. Do NOT include discretionary spending (dining out, entertainment, subscriptions) in the base calculation. Our calculator asks for expense categories to compute the precise minimum and recommended fund size.
Emergency fund sizing guidelines: minimum 3 months for dual-income households with stable employment; 6 months for single-income households; 9-12 months for self-employed, freelancers, or those with variable income. Where to keep it: savings account (low yield but instant access); liquid mutual funds (1-day redemption, yields 6-7%, no exit load after 7 days - better than savings account for amounts above Rs 1 lakh); short-term FD (slightly higher yield, premature withdrawal penalty of 0.5-1%). Avoid investing the emergency fund in equity or long-term instruments - the entire purpose is immediate liquidity. Build emergency fund before investing; rebuild it immediately after any withdrawal.
Lump Sum: Better if markets are at a low; higher risk but higher upside potential
About SIP vs Lump Sum Comparison
This calculator compares the wealth accumulated from a Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) versus investing the equivalent total amount as a lump sum. Lump sum formula: FV = PV x (1 + r)^n. SIP formula: FV = P x ((1+r)^n - 1) / r. The comparison depends critically on market conditions at the time of investment and the assumed return rate.
SIP advantages: rupee cost averaging (buying more units when markets fall, fewer when they rise, lowering average cost per unit over time); removes timing risk; instils financial discipline; accessible for salaried investors without large corpus. Lump sum advantages: full corpus invested from day one means more compounding time; outperforms SIP in consistently rising markets (bull runs). Research shows that in most real-world scenarios over 10+ year horizons, returns are similar. For large amounts received at once (bonus, inheritance), consider deploying via Systematic Transfer Plan (STP) from a liquid fund into equity over 3-6 months to reduce timing risk while maintaining market exposure.
Each EMI is the same amount, but the principal component grows each month
About Loan Amortization Schedule
An amortization schedule is a complete table of periodic loan payments showing how each EMI splits between interest and principal over the loan tenure. In the early years, most of each EMI goes toward interest; in later years, the majority goes toward principal reduction. Formula for each month: Interest component = Outstanding balance x Monthly rate; Principal component = EMI - Interest component; New balance = Old balance - Principal component.
Using the amortization schedule: prepayment impact analysis - prepaying Rs 1 lakh in month 12 of a 20-year home loan at 9% saves approximately Rs 2.5 lakh in total interest. The benefit of prepayment is highest in early years (when interest proportion is largest). Prepayment strategies: reduce EMI (same tenure, lower monthly outflow) or reduce tenure (same EMI, loan closes earlier). Reducing tenure saves more total interest. For home loans, an annual lump sum prepayment of one extra EMI reduces a 20-year loan to approximately 17 years. Review the amortization schedule after every interest rate change (for floating rate loans) to understand the new payoff timeline.
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